Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation: [ˈsiːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian Austria /ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/ (German: Österreich (help·info)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and neurologist A neurologist is a physician who specializes in neurology, and is trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological disorders. This includes diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. A neurologist is trained to perform a detailed examination of all the important neurological structures in the body: the nerves of the head who founded the psychoanalytic Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and continued by others. It is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior, although it can also be applied to societies. Psychoanalysis has three applications: method of psychiatry Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders—which include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual disorders. The term was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808. It literally means the 'medical treatment of the mind' . A medical doctor specializing in.[1] Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind The unconscious mind is a term coined by the 18th century German philosophy romantic philosopher Sir Christopher Riegel and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The unconscious mind might be defined as that part of the mind which gives rise to a collection of mental phenomena that manifest in a person's and the defense mechanism In Freudian psychoanalytic theory, defence mechanisms or defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image. Healthy persons normally use different defences throughout life. An ego defence mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads of repression Psychological repression, or simply repression, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, is the involuntary psychological act of excluding desires and impulses from one's consciousness and holding or subduing them in the unconscious. Since Freud's work in psychoanalysis, repression is now accepted as a defense mechanism by, and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology Psychopathology is the study of mental illness, mental distress and abnormal, maladaptive behavior. The term is most commonly used within psychiatry where pathology refers to disease processes. Abnormal psychology is a similar term used more frequently in the non-medical field of psychology through dialogue between a patient, technically referred to as an "analysand", and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as for his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis, first developed by Sigmund Freud, his theory of transference Transference is a phenomenon in psychoanalysis characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another. One definition of transference is "the inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood." Another definition is "the redirection of feelings and desires in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams A dream is a succession of images, sounds or emotions that the mind experiences during sleep. The content and purpose of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is known as oneirology as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy Cerebral refers to the cerebrum, which is the affected area of the brain , and palsy refers to disorder of movement. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain and can occur during pregnancy, during childbirth or after birth up to about age three, and a prolific essayist, drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the history, interpretation and critique of culture.
While some of Freud's ideas have fallen out of favor or been modified by Neo-Freudians The Neo-Freudian psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely linked American theorists of the mid-twentieth century, who were all influenced by Sigmund Freud, but who extended his theories, often in social or cultural directions. They have been defined as 'American writers who attempted to restate Freudian theory in sociological terms, and modern advances in the field of psychology have shown flaws in some of his theories, Freud's work remains seminal in humans' quest for self-understanding, especially in the history of clinical approaches. In academia, his ideas continue to influence the humanities The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences and social sciences The social sciences are the fields of academic scholarship that explore aspects of human society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences. These include: anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, international. He is considered one of the most prominent thinkers of the first half of the 20th century, in terms of originality and intellectual influence.
Early life
Freud was born on 6 May 1856, to Jewish Galician Galician Jews or Galitzianer Jews are a subdivision of the Ashkenazim geographically originating from Galicia, from western Ukraine and from the south-eastern corner of Poland (Podkarpackie and Lesser Poland voivodeships). Galicia proper, which was inhabited by Ukrainians, Poles and Jews, was a royal province within Austro-Hungarian empire[2] parents in the Moravian town of Příbor, Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria–Hungary, which was proclaimed after declaring the Emperor of Austria also King of Hungary, a diplomatic move that elevated, which is now part of the Czech Republic. Freud was born with a caul A caul is a thin, filmy membrane, the amnion, that covers the newborn's head and face immediately after birth, which the family accepted as a positive omen An omen is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. Though the word "omen" is usually devoid of reference to the change's nature, hence being possibly either "good" or "bad", the term is more often used in a foreboding sense, as with the word "ominous". [.[3]
His father, Jakob,[4] was 41, a wool merchant, and had two children by a previous marriage. His mother, Amalié Amalia Nathansohn Freud was the second (or possibly third) wife of Jacob Freud and mother of Sigmund Freud. She was born Amalia Nathansohn in Brody, Galicia, now in Ukraine (née Nathansohn), the second wife of Jakob, was 21. He was the first of their eight children and, owing to his precocious intellect, his parents favored him over his siblings, from the early stages of his childhood. Despite their poverty, they sacrificed everything to give him a proper education. Due to the economic crisis of 1857 The Panic of 1857 was a sudden downturn in the economy of the United States that occurred in 1857. A general recession first emerged late in 1856, but the successive failure of banks and businesses that characterized the panic began in mid-1857. While the overall economic downturn was brief, the recovery was unequal, and the lasting impact was, Freud's father lost his business, and the family moved to Leipzig Leipzig (German pronunciation: [ˈlaɪptsɪç] , also called Leipsic in English; Upper Sorbian: Lipsk) is, with a population of appr. 517,000, the second largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany and in the new states of Germany. In the 17th century, Leipzig was one of the major European city-centres of learning and culture in fields before settling in Vienna Vienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area,[citation needed] more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and.
In 1865, Sigmund entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. Freud was an outstanding pupil and graduated the Matura Matura is the word commonly used in Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine (obsolete in Ukrainian language)[further explanation needed] for the final exams young adults (aged in 1873 with honors.
After planning to study law, Freud joined the medical faculty at University of Vienna The University of Vienna is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is, therefore, the oldest university in the German-speaking world and one of the largest in Central Europe to study under Darwinist Prof. Karl Claus.[5] At that time, the eel life cycle The eel is a long, thin bony fish of the order Anguilliformes. Because fishermen never caught anything they recognized as young eels, the life cycle of the eel was a mystery for a very long period of scientific history. Although there have been more than 6500 publications about eels, much of its life history remains an enigma was unknown and Freud spent four weeks at the Austrian zoological research station in Trieste Trieste listen (Italian: Trieste, pronounced [triˈɛste]; Slovene: Trst; German: Triest; Hungarian: Trieszt) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south, east and north of the city. Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels to search unsuccessfully for their male reproductive organs.
Medical school
While Freud was a first-year medical student at the University of Vienna The University of Vienna is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is, therefore, the oldest university in the German-speaking world and one of the largest in Central Europe, he was supervised by German physiologist Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke was a German physician and physiologist. Freud adopted Brücke's new "dynamic" physiology.
In 1874, the concept of "psychodynamics The original concept of "psychodynamics" was developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud suggested that psychological processes are flows of psychological energy in a complex brain, establishing "psychodynamics" on the basis of psychological energy, which he referred to as libido", a theory that psychological processes are the result of a flow of energy, was proposed by Brücke, with the publication of Lectures on Physiology. Brücke, in coordination with physicist Hermann von Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science. In physiology and psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color vision research, and on the sensation of tone,, one of the formulators of the first law of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics, an expression of the principle of conservation of energy, states that energy can be transformed , but cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy The law of conservation of energy is an empirical law of physics. It states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time . A consequence of this law is that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one state to another. The only thing that can happen to energy in a closed), supposed that all living organisms are energy-systems also governed by this principle.
In his Lectures on Physiology, Brücke set forth the radical view that the living organism is a dynamic system to which the laws of chemistry Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical and physics Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space-time, as well as all applicable concepts, including energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves apply.[6]
This was the starting point for Freud's dynamic psychology of the mind and its relation to the unconscious The unconscious mind is a term coined by the 18th century German philosophy romantic philosopher Sir Christopher Riegel and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The unconscious mind might be defined as that part of the mind which gives rise to a collection of mental phenomena that manifest in a person's.[6] The origins of Freud’s basic model, based on the fundamentals of chemistry and physics, according to John Bowlby John Bowlby was a British psychologist, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, notable for his interest in child development and for his pioneering work in attachment theory, stems from Brücke Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke was a German physician and physiologist, Meynert Theodor Hermann Meynert was a German-Austrian neuropathologist and anatomist who was born in Dresden, Breuer Josef Breuer was an Austrian physician whose works lay the foundation of psychoanalysis, Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science. In physiology and psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color vision research, and on the sensation of tone,, and Herbart.[7] In 1876, he published his first paper about "the testicles of eels Eels are an order of fish, which consists of four suborders, 19 families, 110 genera and approximately 800 species. Most eels are predators. The term "eel" is also used for some other similarly shaped fish, such as electric eels and spiny eels, but these are not members of the Anguilliformes order" in the Mitteilungen der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, conceding that he could not solve the matter.
In 1877, Freud abbreviated his first name from "Sigismund" to "Sigmund."
In 1879, Freud interrupted his studies to complete his one year of obligatory military service, and in 1881 he received his Dr. med. (M.D.) with the thesis Über das Rückenmark niederer Fischarten ("On the Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system. The spinal cord extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; it does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column. It is around 4 of Lower Fish A fish is any aquatic vertebrate animal that is covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. Most fish are "cold-blooded", or ectothermic, allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic Species").
Freud and psychoanalysis
Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University Clark University is a private research university and liberal arts college in Worcester, Massachusetts. Front row: Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall Granville Stanley Hall was a pioneering American psychologist and educator. His interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory of . Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association and the first president of Clark University, Carl Jung Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology. Jung is often considered the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth. Though not the first to analyze dreams, he has become perhaps one of the most well known; back row: Abraham A. Brill Abraham Arden Brill was an American psychiatrist. He was born in Austria, and graduated from New York University, in 1901, M.D. Columbia University, 1903. He had arrived in the United States alone at the age of 13, Ernest Jones Alfred Ernest Jones Welsh neurologist, psychoanalyst and Sigmund Freud’s official biographer. As the first English-language practitioner of psychoanalysis and as President of both of the British Psycho-Analytical Society and the International Psychoanalytic Association in the 1920s and 1930s, Jones exercised unmatched influence in the, Sándor Ferenczi Sándor Ferenczi was a Hungarian psychoanalyst. Berggasse 19 Approach to Freud's consulting rooms at BerggasseIn October 1885, Freud went to Paris on a traveling fellowship to study with Europe's most renowned neurologist and researcher of hypnosis, Jean Martin Charcot. He was later to remember the experience of this stay as catalytic in turning him toward the practice of medical psychopathology and away from a less financially promising career in neurology research.[8] Charcot specialised in the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience. Freud later turned away from hypnosis as a potential cure for mental illness, instead favouring free association and dream analysis.[9] Charcot himself questioned his own work on hysteria towards the end of his life.[10]
After opening his own medical practice, specializing in neurology, Freud married Martha Bernays in 1886. Her father Berman was the son of Isaac Bernays, chief rabbi in Hamburg.
After experimenting with hypnosis on his neurotic patients, Freud abandoned this form of treatment as it proved ineffective for many, he favored treatment where the patient talked through his or her problems. This came to be known as the "talking cure" and the ultimate goal of this talking was to locate and release powerful emotional energy that had initially been rejected or imprisoned in the unconscious mind. Freud called this denial of emotions "repression", and he believed that it was an impediment to the normal functioning of the psyche, even capable of causing physical retardation which he described as "psychosomatic". The term "talking cure" was initially coined by a patient, Anna O., who was treated by Freud's colleague Josef Breuer. The "talking cure" is widely seen as the basis of psychoanalysis.[11]
Carl Jung initiated the rumor that a romantic relationship may have developed between Freud and his sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, who had moved into Freud's apartment at 19 Berggasse in 1896.[12] Psychologist Hans Eysenck has suggested that the affair was true, resulting in an aborted pregnancy for Miss Bernays.[13] The publication in 2006 of a Swiss hotel log, dated 13 August 1898, has been regarded by some Freudian scholars (including Peter Gay) that there was a factual basis to these rumors.[14]
In his 40s, Freud "had numerous psychosomatic disorders as well as exaggerated fears of dying and other phobias" (Corey 2001, p. 67). In that time, Freud was exploring his own dreams, memories, and the dynamics of his personality development. During this self-analysis, he came to realize an hostility he felt towards his father, Jacob Freud, who had died in 1896,[15]. He also recalled "his childhood sexual feelings for his mother, Amalia Freud, who was attractive, warm, and protective" (Corey 2001, p. 67). He[who?] considered this time of emotional difficulty to be the most creative time in Freud's life.
After the publication of Freud's books in 1900 and 1902, interest in his theories began to grow, and a circle of supporters developed in the following period. However, Freud often clashed with those supporters who critiqued his theories, the most famous being Carl Jung, who had originally supported Freud's ideas. Part of the disagreement between the two was in Jung's interest and commitment to religion, which Freud saw as unscientific.[16]
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Fri, 06 Aug 2010 11:37:53 GMT+00:00
News-Leader.com ... all psychology students can learn from the podcasts on topics that range from sleep, dreaming and hypnosis to Sigmund Freud theories. ...
Thu, 02 Apr 2009 20:53:56 PDT
This was my introudction that I was going to use for my Philosophy Seminar, for Sigmund Freud and Charles Darwin, but could not make it to school ... youtube.com.
