Jean-Gabriel De Tarde or Gabriel Tarde in short (March 12 March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 294 days remaining until the end of the year, 1843 Year 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar) in Sarlat, France France (pronounced /ˈfræns/ or /ˈfrɑːns/; French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the – May 13 May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 232 days remaining until the end of the year, 1904 Year 1904 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar) in Paris Paris (pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ or /ˈpɛrəs/ in English; [paʁi] in French) is the capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (also known as the "Paris Region"; French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its limits largely) French France (pronounced /ˈfræns/ or /ˈfrɑːns/; French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the sociologist Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that uses systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, sometimes with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. Its subject matter ranges from the micro level of face-, criminologist and social psychologist Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact. Scholars in this interdisciplinary area are typically either psychologists or sociologists, though all social psychologists employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis who conceived sociology as based on small psychological Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the systematic, and often scientific, study of human/animal mental functions and behavior. Occasionally, in addition or opposition to employing the scientific method, it also relies on symbolic interpretation and critical analysis, although it often does so less prominently than other interactions among individuals (much as if it were chemistry Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme , meaning "earth") is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science for studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination,), the fundamental forces being imitation Imitation is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another's. The word can be applied in many contexts, ranging from animal training to international politics and innovation The term innovation means a new way of doing something. It may refer to incremental, radical, and revolutionary changes in thinking, products, processes, or organizations. A distinction is typically made between invention, an idea made manifest, and innovation, ideas applied successfully. In many fields, something new must be substantially.
Among the concepts that Tarde initiated were the "group mind" (taken up and developed by Gustave Le Bon Gustave Le Bon was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and amateur physicist. He was the author of several works in which he expounded theories of national traits, racial superiority, herd behaviour and crowd psychology, and sometimes advanced to explain so-called herd behaviour Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. The term pertains to the behavior of animals in herds, flocks, and schools, and to human conduct during activities such as stock market bubbles and crashes, street demonstrations, sporting events, episodes of mob violence and even everyday decision or crowd psychology Crowd psychology is a branch of social psychology. Ordinary people can typically gain direct power by acting collectively. Historically, because large groups of people have been able to bring about dramatic and sudden social change in a manner that bypasses established due process, they have also provoked controversy. Social scientists have), and economic psychology Behavioral economics and behavioral finance are closely related fields that have evolved to be a separate branch of economic and financial analysis which applies scientific research on human and social, cognitive and emotional factors to better understand economic decisions by consumers, borrowers, investors, and how they affect market prices,, where he anticipated a number of modern developments. However, Emile Durkheim David Émile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist and pioneer in the development of modern sociology and anthropology. His work and editorship of the first journal of sociology, L'Année Sociologique, as well as his creation of the first European department of sociology, helped establish sociology within's sociology overshadowed Tarde's insights, and it wasn't until US scholars, such as the Chicago school In sociology and later criminology, the Chicago School was the first major body of works emerging during the 1920s and 1930s specialising in urban sociology, and the research into the urban environment by combining theory and ethnographic fieldwork in Chicago, now applied elsewhere. While involving scholars at several Chicago area universities,, took up his theories that they became famous.
Everett Rogers Everett M. Rogers , communications scholar, pioneer of diffusion of innovations theory, writer, and teacher. He is best known for his 'diffusion of innovations' theory and introducing the term 'early adopter.' furthered Tarde's "laws of imitation" in the 1962 book Diffusion of innovations Diffusion of Innovations is a theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. The concept has been first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde and by German and Austrian anthropologists as Friedrich Ratzel or Leo Frobenius . Its basic ‚epidemiological‘ or ‚internal-influence‘ form was.
From the late 1990s and continuing today, Tarde's work has been experiencing a renaissance[1]. Spurred by the re-release of his essay "Monadologie et sociologie" by Institut Synthelabo under the guidance of Gilles Deleuze's student Eric Alliez, Tarde's work is being re-discovered as a harbinger of postmodern French theory, particularly as influenced by the social philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. It has recently come out, for example, that in Difference and Repetition, Deleuze's milestone book which effected his transition to a more socially-aware brand of philosophy and his writing partnership with Guattari, Deleuze in fact re-centered his philosophical orientation around Tarde's thesis that repetition serves difference rather than vice versa[2] Also on the heels of the re-release of Tarde's works has come an important development in which French sociologist Bruno Latour Bruno Latour is a French sociologist of science, anthropologist and an influential theorist in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). After teaching at the École des Mines de Paris (Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation) from 1982 to 2006, he is now Professor and vice-president for research at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris has referred to Tarde as a possible predecessor to Actor-Network Theory Actor-network theory, often abbreviated as ANT, is a distinctive approach to social theory and research which originated in the field of science studies. Although it is best known for its controversial insistence on the agency of nonhumans, ANT is also associated with forceful critiques of conventional and critical sociology in part because of Tarde's criticisms of Durkheim's conceptions of the social[1].
A book on the Social After Gabriel Tarde: Debates and Assessments is being released by Routledge later in 2009, and is likely to provide the first set of mature critiques of the recent renaissance of Tarde as well as to suggest models for scholars to use Tarde's thought in their scholarship. This book is expected to include contributions that philosophically reflect the Latourian (including a contribution from Latour himself) as well as Deleuzian approaches to Tarde, and to also highlight a number of new ways Tarde is being adapated in terms of methods in contemporary sociology, particularly in the area of ethnography, and the study of online communities.
Tarde's interest in criminology arouse while he was working as a magistrate A magistrate is a judicial officer; in ancient Rome, the word magistratus denoted one of the highest government officers with judicial and executive powers. Today, in common law systems, a magistrate has limited law enforcement and administration authority. In civil law systems, a magistrate might be a judge in a superior court; the magistrate's in public service. Tarde was interested in the psychological basis of criminal behavior. He was critical of the concept of the atavistic criminal as developed by Cesare Lombroso Cesare Lombroso, born Ezechia Marco Lombroso was a Jewish-Italian criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. Lombroso rejected the established Classical School, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. Instead, using concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry and Social[2]. Tarde's criminological studies served as the underpinning of his later sociology [3].
Interestingly Tarde also produced one science-fiction Science fiction is a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations on current or future science or technology. Science fiction is found in books, magazines, art, television, films, games, theatre, and other media. In organizational or marketing contexts, science fiction can be synonymous with the broader definition of speculative fiction, novel entitled Underground Man. This novel tells the tale of a post-apocalyptic earth covered by ice where the surviving humans has gone to live underground. The novel develops on the new culture which is created by the humans where music and art are the dominating aspects of lives.
Contents |
Works
- La criminalité comparée (1890)
- La philosophie pénale (1890) - Translated by Rapelje Howell and published as Penal Philosophy in 1968
- Les lois de l'imitation (1890)- Translated by Elsie Clews Parsons in 1903 and published as The Laws of Imitation
- Les transformations du droit. Étude sociologique (1891)
- Monadologie et sociologie (1893)
- La logique sociale (1895)
- Fragment d'histoire future (1896)
- L’opposition universelle. Essai d’une théorie des contraires. (1897)
- Écrits de psychologie sociale (1898)
- Les lois sociales. Esquisse d’une sociologie (1898) - Translated to English by Howard C Warren and published in 1899 as Social Laws - an Outline of Sociology
- L'opinion et la foule (1901)
- La psychologie économique (1902-3)
- Fragment d'histoire future (1904) - Translated by Cloudesley Brereton and published as Underground Man in 1905
See also
- innovation The term innovation means a new way of doing something. It may refer to incremental, radical, and revolutionary changes in thinking, products, processes, or organizations. A distinction is typically made between invention, an idea made manifest, and innovation, ideas applied successfully. In many fields, something new must be substantially
- diffusion Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion. The result of diffusion is a gradual mixing of material. In a phase with uniform temperature, absent external net forces acting on the particles, the diffusion process
- propaganda Propaganda is communication aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense, often presents information primarily in order to influence its audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis, or gives
- public opinion Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population. Public opinion can also be defined as the complex collection of opinions of many different people and the sum of all their views. The principle approaches to the study of public opinion may be divided into 4 categories:, one of Tarde's key concept
- Serge Moscovici
References
- ^ David Toews, "The Renaissance of philosophie Tardienne", in Pli: the Warwick Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 8, 1999.
- ^ David Toews (2003) "The New Tarde: Sociology after the End of the Social" Theory Culture & Society Vol. 20 No. 5., 81-98.
- ^ Bruno Latour (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
- ^ http://www.bartleby.com/65/ta/Tarde-Ga.html.
- ^ See also: Pietro Semeraro, Il sistema penale di Gabriel Tarde, Padova 1984.
External links
- Paper by Bruno Latour attempting to expand Tarde's insights
- Downloadable versions of many of Tarde's works (in French)
- Bibliography of his works
Categories: 1843 births | 1904 deaths | Collège de France faculty | French psychologists | French sociologists | Social psychologists Categories: Psychologists | Social psychology | Social learning theory | Propaganda theorists | Crowd psychologists
