Jean-Gabriel De Tarde or Gabriel Tarde in short (March 12, 1843 in Sarlat Sarlat-la-Canéda , or simply Sarlat, is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in south-western France, France France is a founding member state of the European Union and is the largest one by area. France has been a major power for several centuries with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and in the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America; during the 19th and early 20th – May 13, 1904 in Paris Paris ([paʁi] in French, pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ in English) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated) French France is a founding member state of the European Union and is the largest one by area. France has been a major power for several centuries with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and in the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America; during the 19th and early 20th sociologist Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social activity, often with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. Subject matter, criminologist and social psychologist Social psychology is the study of the relations between people and groups. Scholars in this interdisciplinary area are typically either psychologists or sociologists, though all social psychologists employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis who conceived sociology as based on small psychological Psychology is the field study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors, often making use of the scientific method in laboratory research . In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is a psychologist. Psychologists are classified as social or behavioral scientists. Psychological research can be considered either basic or interactions among individuals (much as if it were chemistry Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical), the fundamental forces being imitation Imitation is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another's. The word can be applied in many contexts, ranging from animal training to international politics and innovation Innovation is a change in the thought process for doing something, or the useful application of new inventions or discoveries. It may refer to an incremental emergent or radical and revolutionary changes in thinking, products, processes, or organizations. Following Schumpeter , contributors to the scholarly literature on innovation typically.
Among the concepts that Tarde initiated were the group mind (taken up and developed by Gustave Le Bon Gustave Le Bon was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and amateur physicist. He was the author of several works in which he expounded theories of national traits, racial superiority, herd behavior and crowd psychology, and sometimes advanced to explain so-called herd behaviour Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. The term pertains to the behavior of animals in herds, flocks, and schools, and to human conduct during activities such as stock market bubbles and crashes, street demonstrations, sporting events, religious gatherings, episodes of mob violence and even or crowd psychology Crowd psychology is a branch of social psychology. Ordinary people can typically gain direct power by acting collectively. Historically, because large groups of people have been able to bring about dramatic and sudden social change in a manner that bypasses established due process, they have also provoked controversy. Social scientists have), and economic psychology Behavioral Economics and Behavioral Finance are closely related fields making up a separate branch of economic and financial analysis using social, cognitive and emotional factors in understanding the economic decisions of consumers, borrowers and investors, and their effects on market prices, returns and the allocation of resources, where he anticipated a number of modern developments. However, Émile Durkheim's sociology overshadowed Tarde's insights, and it wasn't until U.S. scholars, such as the Chicago school In sociology and later criminology, the Chicago School was the first major body of works emerging during the 1920s and 1930s specialising in urban sociology, and the research into the urban environment by combining theory and ethnographic fieldwork in Chicago, now applied elsewhere. While involving scholars at several Chicago area universities,, took up his theories that they became famous.
Everett Rogers Everett M. Rogers was a sociologist, communication scholar, writer, and teacher. He is best known for originating the diffusion of innovations theory and for introducing the term early adopter furthered Tarde's "laws of imitation" in the 1962 book Diffusion of innovations Diffusion of Innovations is a theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. The concept was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde and by German and Austrian anthropologists such as Friedrich Ratzel or Leo Frobenius. Its basic epidemiological or internal-influence form was described by H.
From the late 1990s and continuing today, Tarde's work has been experiencing a renaissance[1]. Spurred by the re-release of his essay Monadologie et Sociologie by Institut Synthelabo under the guidance of Gilles Deleuze Gilles Deleuze , (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular books were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus ('s student Eric Alliez, Tarde's work is being re-discovered as a harbinger of postmodern French theory, particularly as influenced by the social philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari Pierre-Félix Guattari was a French militant, an institutional psychotherapist and a philosopher; he founded both schizoanalysis and ecosophy. Guattari is best known for his intellectual collaborations with Gilles Deleuze, most notably Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980).
For example, it has recently been revealed that in Difference and Repetition, Deleuze's milestone book which effected his transition to a more socially-aware brand of philosophy and his writing partnership with Guattari, Deleuze in fact re-centered his philosophical orientation around Tarde's thesis that repetition serves difference rather than vice versa[2] Also on the heels of the re-release of Tarde's works has come an important development in which French sociologist Bruno Latour Bruno Latour is a French anthropologist and an influential theorist in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). After teaching at the École des Mines de Paris (Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation) from 1982 to 2006, he is now Professor and vice-president for research at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (2007), where he is has referred to Tarde as a possible predecessor to Actor-Network Theory Actor-network theory, often abbreviated as ANT, is a distinctive approach to social theory and research which originated in the field of science studies. Although it is best known for its controversial insistence on the agency of nonhumans, ANT is also associated with forceful critiques of conventional and critical sociology in part because of Tarde's criticisms of Durkheim's conceptions of the Social[1].
A book on the Social after Gabriel Tarde, Debates and Assessments, is planned for release by Routledge in 2009, and is likely to provide the first set of mature critiques of the recent renaissance of Tarde as well as to suggest models for scholars to use Tarde's thought in their scholarship. This book is expected to include contributions that philosophically reflect the Latourian (including a contribution from Latour himself) as well as Deleuzian approaches to Tarde, and to also highlight a number of new ways Tarde is being adapated in terms of methods in contemporary sociology, particularly in the area of ethnography Ethnography is a research strategy often used in the social sciences, particularly in anthropology and in some branches of sociology. It is often employed for gathering empirical data on human societies/cultures. Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc. Ethnography aims to describe the nature, and the study of online communities.
Tarde's interest in criminology arose while he was working as a magistrate A magistrate is a judicial officer; in ancient Rome, the word magistratus denoted one of the highest government officers with judicial and executive powers. Today, in common law systems, a magistrate has limited law enforcement and administration authority. In civil law systems, a magistrate might be a judge in a superior court; the magistrate's in public service. Tarde was interested in the psychological basis of criminal behavior. He was critical of the concept of the atavistic criminal as developed by Cesare Lombroso Cesare Lombroso, born Ezechia Marco Lombroso was an Italian criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. Lombroso rejected the established Classical School, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. Instead, using concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry and Social Darwinism,[2]. Tarde's criminological studies served as the underpinning of his later sociology [3].
Interestingly Tarde also produced one science-fiction Science fiction is a genre of fiction dealing with the impact of imagined innovations in science or technology, often in a futuristic setting. It differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature . Exploring the novel entitled Underground Man. This novel tells the tale of a post-apocalyptic Apocalyptic fiction is a sub-genre of science fiction that is concerned with the end of civilization either through nuclear war, plague, or some other general disaster. Post-apocalyptic fiction is set in a world or civilization after such a disaster. The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the travails or psychology of earth covered by ice where the surviving humans have gone to live underground. The novel develops on the new culture which is created by the humans where music and art are the dominating aspects of lives.
Contents |
Works
- La criminalité comparée (1890)
- La philosophie pénale (1890) - Translated by Rapelje Howell and published as Penal Philosophy in 1968
- Les lois de l'imitation (1890)- Translated by Elsie Clews Parsons in 1903 and published as The Laws of Imitation
- Les transformations du droit. Étude sociologique (1891)
- Monadologie et sociologie (1893)
- La logique sociale (1895)
- Fragment d'histoire future (1896)
- L’opposition universelle. Essai d’une théorie des contraires. (1897)
- Écrits de psychologie sociale (1898)
- Les lois sociales. Esquisse d’une sociologie (1898) - Translated to English by Howard C Warren and published in 1899 as Social Laws - an Outline of Sociology
- L'opinion et la foule (1901)
- La psychologie économique (1902-3)
- Fragment d'histoire future (1904) - Translated by Cloudesley Brereton and published as Underground Man in 1905
See also
- innovation Innovation is a change in the thought process for doing something, or the useful application of new inventions or discoveries. It may refer to an incremental emergent or radical and revolutionary changes in thinking, products, processes, or organizations. Following Schumpeter , contributors to the scholarly literature on innovation typically
- diffusion Diffusion describes the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. The time dependence of the statistical distribution in space is given by the diffusion equation. The concept of diffusion is tied to that of mass transfer driven by a concentration gradient, but diffusion can
- propaganda As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired
- public opinion Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population. Public opinion can also be defined as the complex collection of opinions of many different people and the sum of all their views, one of Tarde's key concept
- Serge Moscovici Serge Moscovici is a Romanian-born French social psychologist, currently the director of the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale ("European Laboratory of Social Psychology"), which he co-founded in 1975 at the Maison des sciences de l'homme in Paris. He is a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and Officer of the
References
- ^ David Toews, "The Renaissance of philosophie Tardienne", in Pli: the Warwick Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 8, 1999.
- ^ David Toews (2003) "The New Tarde: Sociology after the End of the Social" Theory Culture & Society Vol. 20 No. 5., 81-98.
- ^ Bruno Latour (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
- ^ http://www.bartleby.com/65/ta/Tarde-Ga.html.
- ^ See also: Pietro Semeraro, Il sistema penale di Gabriel Tarde, Padova 1984.
External links
- Paper by Bruno Latour attempting to expand Tarde's insights
- Downloadable versions of many of Tarde's works (in French)
- Bibliography of his works
Categories: 1843 births | 1904 deaths | Collège de France faculty | French psychologists | French sociologists Categories: Sociologists by nationality | French people by occupation | French non-fiction writers | Social psychologists | Propaganda theorists | Crowd psychologists
Manuel Luis Rodriguez U.
Wed, 10 Jun 2009 14:07:16 GM
Una explicacion temprana de las Ciencias Sociales respecto de la multitud es la llamada teoria del contagio , cuyo origen se rastrea hasta los trabajos del sociologo frances . Gabriel Tarde. , quien inicio el uso de la idea de la mente ...
Q. does someone have the this story by gabriel garcia marquez. i would really appriciate it if someone could help me out. all i need is a summary. it doesn't matter if its in english or spanish. thanks! ^_^
Asked by Lexi - Sun Feb 25 02:54:57 2007 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. here's a lot of info, just pick up the main ideas and fusion them ;-)
Answered by YinYin^_^~! - Sun Feb 25 02:59:20 2007
