Bullying is a form of abuse Abuse is the improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit, physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, sexual assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; wrongful practice or custom; offense; crime, or otherwise verbal aggression. Abuse can come in many forms. It comprises repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group abusing those who are less powerful.[2] The power imbalance may be social power and/or physical power. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a target.

Bullying consists of three basic types of abuse - emotional Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful[citation needed]. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and in the workplace, verbal Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behavior involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. While oral communication is its most common form, verbal abuse may be expressed in the form of written word as well and physical Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to behave in an involuntary manner (whether through action or inaction) by use of threats, intimidation, trickery, or some other form of pressure or force. Such actions are used as leverage, to force the victim to act in the desired way. Coercion may involve the actual infliction of physical pain/ such as psychological manipulation Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the perception or behavior of others through underhanded, deceptive, or even abusive tactics. By advancing only the interests of the manipulator, often at the other's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land currently has no legal definition of bullying,[3] some US ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language states have laws against it.[4]

Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse.[5] Robert W. Fuller Robert W. Fuller earned his Ph.D. in physics at Princeton University in 1961, and taught at Columbia University where he co-authored the book Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physics. The mounting social unrest of the 1960s drew his attention to educational reform, and in 1970 he was appointed president of his alma mater Oberlin College at the has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism Rankism is a term coined by physicist, educator, and citizen diplomat Robert W. Fuller. Fuller has defined rankism as: "abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative behavior towards people who have less power because of their lower rank in a particular hierarchy". Fuller claims that rankism also describes the abuse of the power inherent in.

Bullying can occur in any context in which human beings interact with each other. This includes school School bullying is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time, church, the workplace Workplace bullying, like childhood bullying, is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behaviour against a co-worker or subordinate. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of aggression is particularly difficult because, home A home is a place of residence or refuge comfort. It is usually a place in which an individual or a family can rest and be able to store personal property. Most modern-day households contain sanitary facilities and a means of preparing food. Animals have their own homes as well, either living in the wild or in a domesticated environment. As an and neighborhoods A neighbourhood or neighborhood is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town or suburb. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. It is even a common push factor Immigration is the introduction of new people into a habitat or population. It is a biological concept and is important in population ecology, differentiated from emigration and migration in migration Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration . People who migrate are called migrants or more. Bullying can exist between social groups In the social sciences a group can be defined as two or more humans who interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity. By this definition, society can be viewed as a large group, though most social groups are considerably smaller, social classes Social classes are the arrangements of people in society in economic or cultural groups. Class is an essential object of analysis for sociologists, political scientists, economists, anthropologists and social historians. In the social sciences, social class is often discussed in terms of 'social stratification' and even between countries (see Jingoism Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy". In practice, it refers to the advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests, and colloquially to excessive bias in).

Contents

Definition

Some schools with bullying problems have addressed the issue by adding CCTV It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point, point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. CCTV is often used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. It is also an important tool of cameras.

Bullying is an act of repeated aggressive behavior in order to intentionally hurt another person, physically or mentally. Bullying is characterized by an individual behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[6]

Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus defines bullying as when a person is

"exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons." He defines negative action as "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways".[7]

General

Bullying behavior may include name calling, verbal Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behavior involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. While oral communication is its most common form, verbal abuse may be expressed in the form of written word as well or written abuse, exclusion from activities, exclusion from social situations, physical abuse Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm, or coercion Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to behave in an involuntary manner (whether through action or inaction) by use of threats, intimidation, trickery, or some other form of pressure or force. Such actions are used as leverage, to force the victim to act in the desired way. Coercion may involve the actual infliction of physical pain/.[8][9] Bullies may behave this way to be perceived as popular or tough or to get attention. They may bully out of jealousy Jealousy is an emotion and typically refers to the negative thoughts and feelings of insecurity, fear, and anxiety over an anticipated loss of something that the person values, such as a relationship, friendship, or love. Jealousy often consists of a combination of emotions such as anger, sadness, and disgust. It is not to be confused with envy or be acting out because they themselves are bullied.[10]

USA National Center for Education Statistics suggests that bullying can be broken into two categories: Direct bullying, and indirect bullying which is also known as social aggression.[1]

Ross states that direct bullying involves a great deal of physical aggression In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause pain or harm. Predatory behavior between members of one species towards another species is also described as "aggression." To exhibit aggression towards members of another species is such as shoving and poking, throwing things, slapping, choking, punching and kicking, beating, stabbing, pulling hair, scratching, biting, scraping and pinching.[11]

He also suggests that social aggression or indirect bullying is characterized by threatening the victim into social isolation Social isolation is the pervasive withdrawal or avoidance of social contact or communication. It can contribute toward, or be the result of, many emotional, behavioural and physical disorders including anxiety, panic attacks, eating disorders, addictions, substance abuse, violence and overall disease. This isolation is achieved through a wide variety of techniques, including spreading gossip Gossip is idle talk or rumour, especially about the personal or private affairs of others. It forms one of the oldest and most common means of sharing facts and views, but also has a reputation for the introduction of errors and other variations into the information transmitted. The term also carries implications that the news so transmitted (, refusing to socialize with the victim, bullying other people who wish to socialize with the victim, and criticizing Criticism is the judgement of the merits and faults of the actions or work of another individual. Criticism can mean merely to evaluate without necessarily finding fault; however, usually the word implies the expression of disapproval the victim's manner of dress and other socially-significant markers (including the victim's race, religion, disability, etc). Ross[11] outlines other forms of indirect bullying which are more subtle and more likely to be verbal, such as name calling, the silent treatment Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction. The topic includes both interpersonal rejection and romantic rejection. A person can be rejected on an individual basis or by an entire group of people. Furthermore, rejection can be either active, by bullying, teasing, or, arguing others into submission, manipulation Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the perception or behavior of others through underhanded, deceptive, or even abusive tactics. By advancing only the interests of the manipulator, often at the other's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive, gossip/false gossip, lies A lie is a type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement, especially with the intention to deceive others, often with the further intention to maintain a secret or reputation, protect someone's feelings or to avoid a punishment or repercussion for one's actions. To lie is to state something that one knows to be false or that one does, rumors A rumor or rumour , is often viewed as "an unverified account or explanation of events circulating from person to person and pertaining to an object, event, or issue in public concern" (33) However, a review of the research on rumor conducted by Pendleton in 1998 found that research across sociology, psychology, and communication studies/false rumors, staring Staring is a prolonged gaze or fixed look. In staring, one object or person is the continual focus of visual interest, for an amount of time. Staring can be interpreted as being either hostile, or the result of intense concentration or affection. Staring behaviour can be considered a form of aggression, or an invasion of an individual's privacy, giggling, laughing at the victim, saying certain words that trigger a reaction from a past event, and mocking. The children's charity Act Against Bullying Act Against Bullying is a national charity in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 2003 by Louise Burfitt-Dons. The charity's purpose is to help children who are bullied at school - by providing them with confidential advice - and to campaign to raise public awareness of the suffering of victims. The AAB website offers supportive messages and was set up in 2003 to help children who were victims of this type of bullying by researching and publishing coping skills.

Effects of bullying on victims

The effects of bullying can be serious and even fatal. Mona O’Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide."[12]

Victims of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness One of the first recorded uses of the word "lonely" was in William Shakespeare's Coriolanus, "Though I go alone, like a lonely dragon..." Act IV Scene 1, depression Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines a depressed person as experiencing feelings of sadness, helplessness and hopelessness. In traditional colloquy, feeling "depressed" is often synonymous with feeling "sad", but both clinical depression, anxiety Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry. Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that can often occur without an identifiable, lead to low self-esteem Self-esteem is a term used in psychology to reflect a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. A person's self-esteem may be reflected in their behaviour, such as in assertiveness, shyness, confidence or caution. Self-esteem can apply and increased susceptibility to illness.[13]

The National Conference of State Legislatures said:

"In 2002, a report released by the U.S. Secret Service concluded that bullying played a significant role in many school shootings and that efforts should be made to eliminate bullying behavior."[14]

Suicide

There is a strong link between bullying and suicide Suicide is the term used for the deliberate self-destruction by a living being, resulting in their own death. Such actions are typically characterised as being made out of despair, or attributed to some underlying mental disorder which includes depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug abuse. Financial difficulties,.[15] Bullying leads to several suicides every year. It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children commit suicide every year in the UK alone, because they are being bullied.[16]

Characteristics of bullies

Research indicates that adults who bully have personalities that are authoritarian Authoritarianism is a form of social organization characterized by submission to authority. It is opposed to individualism and democracy. In politics, an authoritarian government is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, typically unelected, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[17] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be particular a risk factor.[18]

Further studies have shown that envy Envy can also derive from a sense of low self-esteem that results from an upward social comparison threatening a person's self image: another person has something that the envier considers to be important to have. If the other person is perceived to be similar to the envier, the aroused envy will be particularly intense, because it signals to the and resentment Resentment can be triggered by an emotionally disturbing experience felt again or relived in the mind. When the person feeling resentment is directing the emotion at themself it appears as remorse may be motives for bullying.[19] Research on the self-esteem Self-esteem is a term used in psychology to reflect a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. A person's self-esteem may be reflected in their behaviour, such as in assertiveness, shyness, confidence or caution. Self-esteem can apply of bullies has produced equivocal results.[20][21] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic Narcissism is the personality trait of egotism, vanity, conceit, or simple selfishness. Applied to a social group, it is sometimes used to denote elitism or an indifference to the plight of others,[22] others can use bullying as a tool to conceal shame Shame is, variously, an affect, emotion, cognition, state, or condition. The roots of the word shame are thought to derive from an older word meaning to cover; as such, covering oneself, literally or figuratively, is a natural expression of shame or anxiety Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry. Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that can often occur without an identifiable or to boost self esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser him/herself feels empowered.[23]

Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines a depressed person as experiencing feelings of sadness, helplessness and hopelessness. In traditional colloquy, feeling "depressed" is often synonymous with feeling "sad", but both clinical depression[24] and personality disorders Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of personality types and behaviors that the American Psychiatric Association defines as "an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it". Personality disorders,[25] as well as quickness to anger Anger is an emotion. The physical effects of anger include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Some view anger as part of the fight or flight brain response to the perceived threat of harm. Anger becomes the predominant feeling behaviorally, cognitively, and physiologically when a person makes the and use of force, addiction The term addiction is also sometimes applied to compulsions that are not substance-related, such as problem gambling and computer addiction. In these kinds of common usages, the term addiction is used to describe a recurring compulsion by an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences, as deemed by the user himself to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[26]

It is often suggested that bullying behavior has its origin in childhood:

"If aggressive behaviour is not challenged in childhood, there is a danger that it may become habitual. Indeed, there is research evidence, to indicate that bullying during childhood puts children at risk of criminal behaviour and domestic violence in adulthood."[12]

Bullies may bully because they themselves have been the victim of bullying.[27][28][29]

History of bullying

High-level forms of violence such as assault and murder usually receive most media attention, but lower-level forms of violence such as bullying, has only in recent years started to be addressed by researchers, parents and guardians and authority figures.[8]

It is only in recent years that bullying has been recognised and recorded as a separate and distinct offence, but there have been well documented cases that were recorded in a different context. The Fifth Volume of the Newgate Calendar[30] contains at least one example where Eton Scholars George Alexander Wood and Alexander Wellesley Leith were charged, at Aylesbury Assizes, with killing and slaying the Hon. F. Ashley Cooper on February 28, 1825 in an incident that would now, surely be described as "lethal hazing."[31] The Newgate calendar contains several other examples that, while not as distinct, could be considered indicative of situations of bullying.

Types of bullying

School bullying

Physical bullying at school, as depicted in the film Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm. Some states in the United States have implemented laws to address school bullying. Law prohibits bullying of students based on sexual orientation and gender identity; bullying for other reasons is allowed Law prohibits bullying of students based on sexual orientation only; bullying for other reasons is allowed School regulation or ethical code for teachers that address bullying of students based on sexual orientation Law prohibits bullying in school but lists no specific categories of protection No statewide law that specifically prohibits bullying in schools Main article: School bullying

In schools, bullying occurs in all areas of school. It can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, though it more often occurs in PE, recess, hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and waiting for buses, classes that require group work and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next victim. These bullies taunt and tease their target before physically bullying the target. Targets of bullying in school are often pupils who are considered strange or different by their peers to begin with, making the situation harder for them to deal with.

One student or a group can bully another student or a group of students. Bystanders may participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next victim. However, there is some research suggesting that a significant proportion of "normal" school children may not evaluate school-based violence (student-on-student victimization) as negatively or as being unacceptable as much as adults generally do, and may even derive enjoyment from it, and they may thus not see a reason to prevent it if it brings them joy on some level.[32]

Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself: There is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion — even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[33][34][35]

Anti-bullying programs are designed to teach students cooperation, as well as training peer moderators in intervention and dispute resolution techniques, as a form of peer support.[citation needed]

American victims and their families have legal recourse, such as suing a school or teacher for failure to adequately supervise, racial or gender discrimination, or other civil rights violations. Special education students who are victimized may sue a school or school board under the ADA or Section 504. In addition, the victims of some school shootings have sued both the shooters' families and the schools.[36]

Workplace bullying

Main article: Workplace bullying

According to the Workplace Bullying and Trauma Institute workplace bullying is "repeated, health-harming mistreatment, verbal abuse, or conduct which is threatening, humiliating, intimidating, or sabotage that interferes with work or some combination of the three."[37] Statistics show that bullying is 3 times as prevalent as illegal discrimination and at least 1,600 times as prevalent as workplace violence. Statistics also show that while only one employee in every 10,000 becomes a victim of workplace violence, one in six experiences bullying at work. Bullying is a little more common than sexual harassment but not verbal abuse which occurs more than bullying.

Unlike the more physical form of school bullying, workplace bullying often takes place within the established rules and policies of the organization and society. Such actions are not necessarily illegal and may not even be against the firm's regulations; however, the damage to the targeted employee and to workplace morale is obvious.

Particularly when perpetrated by a group, workplace bullying is sometimes known as mobbing. It can also be known as "career assassination" in political circles.

Cyberbullying

Main article: Cyber-bullying

According to Canadian educator Bill Belsey, it:

...involves the use of information and communication technologies such as e-mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal Web sites, blogs, online games and defamatory online personal polling Web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. —Cyberbullying: An Emerging Threat to the Always On Generation[38]

Bullies will even create blogs to intimidate victims worldwide.[39]

Political bullying

Main article: Jingoism

Jingoism occurs when one country imposes its will on another. This is normally done with military force or threats. With threats, it is common to ensure that aid and grants will not be given to the smaller country or that the smaller country will not be allowed to join a trading organization. Often political corruptions, coup d'états, and kleptocracies are the solution and response to the countries being bullied.[citation needed]

Military bullying

In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as: “...the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments.”[40] A review of a number of deaths by suicide at Princess Royal Barracks, Deepcut by Nicholas Blake QC indicated that whilst a culture of bullying existed during the mid to late 1990s many of the issues were being addressed as a result of the Defence Training Review.[41]

Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed because of a general academic consensus that "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[42]

In some countries, ritual hazing among recruits has been tolerated and even lauded as a rite of passage that builds character and toughness; while in others, systematic bullying of lower-ranking, young or physically slight recruits may in fact be encouraged by military policy, either tacitly or overtly (see dedovschina). Also, the Russian army usually have older/more experienced candidates abusing - kicking or punching - less experienced soldiers.[43]

Hazing

Main articles: Hazing and Ragging

Hazing is an often ritualistic test which may constitute harassment, abuse, or humiliation with requirements to perform meaningless tasks; sometimes as a way of initiation into a social group. The term can refer to either physical (sometimes violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices. It is a subjective matter where to draw to line between 'normal' hazing (somewhat abusive) and a mere rite of passage (essentially bonding; proponents may argue they can coincide), and there is a gray area where exactly the other side passes over into sheer degrading, even harmful abuse that should not even be tolerated if accepted voluntarily (serious but avoidable accidents do still happen; even deliberate abuse with similar grave medical consequences occurs, in some traditions even rather often). Furthermore, as it must be a ritual initiation, a different social context may mean a same treatment is technically hazing for some, not for others, e.g. a line-crossing ceremony when passing the equator at sea is hazing for the sailor while the extended (generally voluntary, more playful) application to passengers is not.

Hazing has been reported in a variety of social contexts, including:

Hazing is considered a felony in several US states, and anti-hazing legislation has been proposed in other states.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Student Reports of Bullying, Results From the 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, US National Center for Education Statistics
  2. ^ (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Fact Sheet #FS-200127)
  3. ^ Harassment, Discrimination and Bullying Policy - University of Manchester
  4. ^ At least 15 states have passed laws addressing bullying among school children. Google Search
  5. ^ Bennett, Elizabeth Peer Abuse Know More: Bullying From a Psychological Perspective (2006)
  6. ^ Besag, V. E. (1989) Bullies and Victims in Schools. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press
  7. ^ Olweus, D., Olweus.org
  8. ^ a b Whitted, K.S. & Dupper, D.R. (2005). Best Practices for Preventing or Reducing Bullying in Schools. Children and Schools, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 2005, pp. 167-175(9).
  9. ^ Carey, T.A. (2003) Improving the success of anti-bullying intervention programs: A tool for matching programs with purposes. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 23(2), 16-23
  10. ^ Crothers, L. M. & Levinson, E. M. (2004, Fall). Assessment of Bullying: A review of methods and instruments. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(4), 496–503.
  11. ^ a b Ross, P. N. (1998). Arresting violence: A resource guide for schools and their communities. Toronto: Ontario Public School Teachers' Federation.
  12. ^ a b Anti-Bullying Center Trinity College, Dublin,
  13. ^ Williams, K. D., Forgás, J. P. & von Hippel, W. (Eds.) (2005). The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying. Psychology Press: New York, NY.
  14. ^ School Bullying. National Conference of State Legislatures, Washington, D.C. (retrieved 7 December 2007).
  15. ^ Kim YS, Leventhal B (2008). "Bullying and suicide. A review". International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 20 (2): 133–54. PMID 18714552.
  16. ^ Statistics on bullying
  17. ^ The Harassed Worker, Brodsky, C. (1976), D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts.
  18. ^ Petty tyranny in organizations , Ashforth, Blake, Human Relations, Vol. 47, No. 7, 755-778 (1994)
  19. ^ Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice, Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.)(2003), Taylor & Francis, London.
  20. ^ Pollastri AR, Cardemil EV, O'Donnell EH (December 2009). "Self-Esteem in Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: A Longitudinal Analysis". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260509354579. PMID 20040706.
  21. ^ Batsche, George M.; Knoff, Howard M. (1994). "Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools". School Psychology Review 23 (2): 165–175. http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/hennesda/BULLIES_AND_THEIR_VICTIMS.doc.
  22. ^ Answers to frequently asked questions about workplace bullying
  23. ^ Presentation Bullying
  24. ^ Patterson G (December 2005). "The bully as victim?". Paediatric Nursing 17 (10): 27–30. PMID 16372706.
  25. ^ Kumpulainen K (2008). "Psychiatric conditions associated with bullying". International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 20 (2): 121–32. PMID 18714551.
  26. ^ Hazlerr, R. J.; Carney, J. V.; Green, S.; Powell, R.; Jolly, L. S. (1997). "Areas of Expert Agreement on Identification of School Bullies and Victims". School Psychology International 18: 5. doi:10.1177/0143034397181001.
  27. ^ Fromm, Erich (1973). The anatomy of human destructiveness. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-007596-3. [page needed]
  28. ^ Man Against Himself by Karl A. Menninger[page needed]
  29. ^ Neurotic Styles by David Shapiro[page needed]
  30. ^ Complete Newgate Calendar Tarlton Law Library The University of Texas School of Law
  31. ^ George Alexander Wood and Alexander Wellesley Leith The Complete Newgate Calendar Volume V, Tarlton Law Library The University of Texas School of Law
  32. ^ Kerbs, John J.; Jolley, Jennifer M. (2007). "The Joy of Violence: What about Violence is Fun in Middle-School?". American Journal of Criminal Justice 32: 12. doi:10.1007/s12103-007-9011-1.
  33. ^ Ellen deLara; Garbarino, James (2003). And Words Can Hurt Forever: How to Protect Adolescents from Bullying, Harassment, and Emotional Violence. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2899-5. [page needed]
  34. ^ Whitted, K.S. (2005). Student reports of physical and psychological maltreatment in schools: An under-explored aspect of student victimization in schools. University of Tennessee.
  35. ^ Whitted, K. S.; Dupper, D. R. (2007). "Do Teachers Bully Students?: Findings From a Survey of Students in an Alternative Education Setting". Education and Urban Society 40: 329. doi:10.1177/0013124507304487.
  36. ^ Brownstein, A. The Bully Pulpit: Post-Columbine, Harassment Victims Take School To Court. TRIAL - the Journal of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America, December 2002.
  37. ^ Namie, Gary and Ruth Workplace Bullying Institute Definition
  38. ^ Belsey, W.; Cyberbullying: An Emerging Threat to the Always On Generation
  39. ^ Page, Chris (2006-04-16). "Striking back at the cyberbullies". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4912766.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  40. ^ The Values and Standards of the British Army – A Guide to Soldiers, Ministry of Defence, UK March 2000, paragraph 23.
  41. ^ Deepcut Review accessed 14 January 2007
  42. ^ Social Psychology of the Individual Soldier, Jean M. Callaghan and Franz Kernic 2003 Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues, Lit Verlag, Munster
  43. ^ Military bullying a global problem, BBC, UK Monday, 28 November 2005

Further reading

External links

Look up bullying in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Bullying
Types Cyber-bullying • Emotional blackmail • Hazing • Military bullying • Mobbing • Passive aggression • Political bullying • Psychological abuse • Rankism • Relational aggression • School bullying • School pranks • Verbal abuse • Workplace bullying
Elements Ad hominem • Character assassination • Defamation • Gossiping • Humiliation • Insulting • Intimidation • Psychological manipulation • Rudeness • Smear campaign • Social rejection • Taunting • Teasing • Whispering campaign • Yelling
Organisations Act Against Bullying • Beatbullying • Bullying UK • Kidscape
Campaigners Andrea Adams • Louise Burfitt-Dons • Tim Field • Andy Hickson • Heinz Leymann • Gary Namie • Kenneth Westhues
Other Anti-Bullying Day • Anti-Bullying Week • international STAND UP to Bullying Day
Notable suicides Ryan Halligan • Megan Meier • Phoebe Prince • Dawn-Marie Wesley • Kelly Yeomans
Related topics Complex post-traumatic stress disorder • Personal boundaries • Personality disorders • Psychological projection • Psychological trauma • Psychopathy • Scapegoating • Self-esteem • Sycophancy • Victim blaming • Victim playing • Victimisation
Abuse
Types

Bullying · Child abuse · Child sexual abuse · Domestic abuse · Harassment · Humiliation · Intimidation · Neglect · Psychological abuse · Physical abuse · Sexual abuse · Spiritual abuse · Stalking · Structural abuse · Verbal abuse · more...
Related topics

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder · Dehumanization · Denial · Exaggeration · Lying · Manipulation · Minimisation · Personality disorders · Psychological projection · Psychological trauma · Psychopathy · Rationalization (making excuses) · Victim blaming · Victim playing · Victimisation
Treatment and punishment

Coalinga State Hospital
Psychological manipulation
Positive reinforcement Attention · Flattery · Giving gifts · Giving money · Grooming ·Ingratiation · Love bombing · Praise · Seduction · Smiling · Superficial charm · Superficial sympathy
Negative reinforcement Anger · Character assassination · Crying · Emotional blackmail · Frowning · Glaring · Guilt trip · Inattention · Intimidation · Nagging · Nit-picking criticism · Passive aggression · Punishment · Relational aggression · Shaming · Silent treatment · Sulking · Swearing · Threats · Victim blaming · Victim playing · Yelling
Other techniques Deception · Denial · Deprogramming · Disinformation · Distortion · Diversion · Evasion · Exaggeration · Gaslighting · Indoctrination · Lying · Minimisation · Rationalization (making excuses)
Contexts Abuse · Advertising · Bullying · Confidence trick · Media manipulation · Mind control · Mobbing · Propaganda · Scapegoating · Smear campaign · Spin · Whispering campaign
Related topics Assertiveness · Blame · Dumbing down · Enabling · Impression management · Fallacy · Narcissism · Personal boundaries · Personality disorders · Persuasion · Projection · Psychopathy · Self-esteem · Sheeple · Sycophancy · Vulnerabilities · Weasel words · Whistleblowing

Categories: Bullying | Social psychology | Abuse | Aggression | Injustice | Persecution

 

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'Bullying' News
On Bullying - It Takes One To Know One - St. Louis Globe-Democrat
globe-democrat.com
On Bullying - It Takes One To Know One - St. Louis Globe-Democrat
Thu, 29 Jul 2010 16:24:04 GMT+00:00
- It Takes One To Know One St. Louis Globe-Democrat President Obama was apparently moved enough by a letter from a Philadelphia fifth-grader about bullying that he wrote back and encouraged ...
Google News Search: Bullying,
Thu Jul 29 21:23:35 2010
'Bullying' Images
bullying jpg
restorative-arts.org.uk
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[source page]

The participants devised produced performed and directed Choices for the benefit of new inductions into the YOI environment as part of a wider on going programme To read more click here Satellite Broadcast The Echo Liverpool a fascinating glimpse inside our justice system and gave four men a chance to be heard The Denied was a

Yahoo Images Search: Bullying,
Thu Jul 29 08:14:50 2010
'Bullying' Blogs
Was Bullying Really Behind Phoebe Prince's Suicide?
jezebel.com
Was Bullying Really Behind Phoebe Prince's Suicide?

Anna North

Wed, 21 Jul 2010 16:27:00 GM

Coverage of Phoebe Prince's . bullying. (ours included) has told the story of a clique of evil kids systematically tormenting an outcast. But now one reporter says this isn't accurate and the . bullies. are victims too.

Google Blogs Search: Bullying,
Mon Jul 26 20:54:08 2010
'Bullying' Answers
What positive things can teachers in school help to promote no more bullying with the girls in class?
Q. My daughter is in the 4th grade and has been the victim of bullying along with other girls. There seems to be the bullies and the targets. The school is doing nothing positive to help the girls through this time. I want to suggest some ideas on how to help the teachers enforce positive things at school, any suggestions?
Asked by blondie - Sun Sep 30 00:59:19 2007 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. assign seats, assign partner for any activity that requires a partner. have security to stop physical bullying. Talk in class about social bullying, Have a group discussion of why it is wrong.
Answered by Nora - Sun Sep 30 01:03:49 2007

Yahoo Answers Search: Bullying,
Wed Jul 28 18:47:19 2010
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